{"id":6077,"date":"2016-07-24T22:24:29","date_gmt":"2016-07-24T19:24:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.emresururi.com\/blogs\/sururi\/?p=6077"},"modified":"2016-07-24T22:24:29","modified_gmt":"2016-07-24T19:24:29","slug":"paradigms-of-human-memory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emresururi.com\/blogs\/sururi\/2016\/07\/24\/paradigms-of-human-memory\/","title":{"rendered":"Paradigms of Human Memory"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Take a walk down memory lane with me\r\nPast a watermelon stand on the way\r\nThinking I had everything we'd need\r\non Martha's Foolish Ginger\r\n\r\nYou were late\r\nHow could I forget what you said-\r\nthe part about that\r\n\"Love taking over your life\"\r\nwas not your plan\r\n\r\nIf those harbour lights had just been a half a mile inland\r\nwho knows what I would have done\r\nIf those harbour lights had just been a half a mile inland\r\nwho knows what I would have done\r\n\r\nThrough the cliffs\r\nout of the Bay I went\r\nFrom the starboard side\r\nI could black my visions and my passions-\r\nThey keep me awake<\/pre>\n<\/blockquote>\n
Bir\u00e7ok \u015fey. \u00d6ncelikle, defeatism (tabii ki!):<\/p>\n
\"defeatist\"<\/p>\n
Lady Violet, Downton Abbey<\/em> ladies & gents!.. Bug\u00fcnlerde (son iki g\u00fcnd\u00fcr), Bar\u0131\u015f’\u0131n tavsiyesiyle, evvelden pas ge\u00e7ti\u011fim, Rick & Morty’leri izliyorum — bir sohbet s\u0131ras\u0131nda Bar\u0131\u015f bana Rick & Morty’nin bir sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zemeyi\u015flerinin ard\u0131ndan, sorunu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcp, hemen akabinde \u00f6ld\u00fckleri ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe (“reality”) gidip, oradan devam ettikleri b\u00f6l\u00fcmden bahsetmi\u015fti (S01E06 – “Rick Potion #9”). O b\u00f6l\u00fcmden iki b\u00f6l\u00fcm sonra bir kriz an\u0131nda Morty Summer’a bunu anlat\u0131r:<\/p>\n
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- Can I show you something?\r\n\r\n- Morty, no offense, but a drawing of me you made when you were 8 isn't gonna make make me feel like less of an accident.\r\n\r\n- That, out there? That's my grave.\r\n\r\n- Wait, what?\r\n\r\n- On one of our adventures, Rick and I basically destroyed the whole world. So we bailed on that reality, and we came to this one. Because in this one, the world wasn't destroyed. And in this one, we were dead. So we came here, a-a-and we buried ourselves, and we took their place. And every morning, Summer, I eat breakfast, 20 yards away from my own rotting corpse.\r\n\r\n- So, you're not my brother?\r\n\r\n- I'm better than your brother. I'm a version of your brother you can trust when he says, \"Don't run\". Nobody exists on purpose, nobody belongs anywhere... everybody's gonna die. Come watch TV.\r\n\r\nR&M, S01E08 - Rixty Minutes (bunu yazd\u0131ktan sonra Smiths'in \"Reel Around the Fountain\"\u0131n\u0131 dinlemek farz oldu, 3 kere dinledim ben de bu arada)<\/pre>\n<\/blockquote>\n
Ah, ne kadar komik bir \u00e7izgi-film \u015fu Rick & Morty! <g\u00f6z\u00fcnden ya\u015f gelir…>. Umut verici bir \u015fey, Gaiman’\u0131n\u00a0Bin Kedinin R\u00fcyas\u0131<\/em>‘nda oldu\u011fu gibi, yeterince inanan\u0131 olursa, paralel evrenler,\u00a0multiverse<\/em>ler de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Dr. Strange’in yeni tan\u0131t\u0131m filmi \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f Comic-Con’da, onda da s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar hem, tabii ki!<\/p>\n
Limitler zorlan\u0131yor, s\u00fcrekli bir test. Ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn bir tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131ma “bu d\u00fcnyaya 10 \u00fczerinden ka\u00e7 verirdin?” diye sordum da, “g\u00fcnaha sokma beni…” cevab\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Ama sonradan hat\u0131rlad\u0131m ki, ben olay\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm ki zaten (spoiler: Bruce Wills filmin ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri \u00f6l\u00fc<\/a><\/em>)<\/p>\n
\u0130ki tane al\u0131nt\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131m \u015fey vard\u0131, haydi Robert Graves’in “I, Claudius”undan Caligula’n\u0131n imparator olu\u015funa dair k\u0131sm\u0131 da sayal\u0131m, \u00fc\u00e7 olsun, \u00fc\u015fendim. \u00dc\u015fenmemeliyim halbuki, de\u011fil mi, ayd\u0131nlanma, bilginin mutlak iyili\u011fi<\/span> erdemi vs… Buyrunuz o halde:<\/p>\n
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Caligula was twenty-five when he became Emperor. Seldom, if ever, in the history of the world has a prince been more enthusiastically acclaimed on his accession or had an easier task offered him of gratifying the modest wishes of his people, which were only for peace and security. With a bulging treasury, well-trained armies, an excellent administrative system that needed only a little care to get it into perfect order again\u0097for in spite of Tiberius' neglect the Empire was still running along fairly well under the impetus given it by Livia\u0097with all these advantages, added to the legacy of love and confidence he enjoyed as Germanicus' son, and the immense relief felt by Tiberius' removal, what a splendid chance he had of being remembered in history as \"Caligula the Good\", or \"Caligula the Wise\", or \"Caligula the Saviour\"! But it is idle to write in this way. For if he had been the sort of man that the people took him for, he would never have survived his brothers or been chosen by Tiberius as his successor.\r\n\r\nRobert Graves, \"I, Claudius\"<\/pre>\n<\/blockquote>\n
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As I write, the President of the United States is a former Hollywood movie actor. One of his principal challengers in 1984 was once a featured player on television's most glamorous show of the 1960s, that is to say, an astronaut. Naturally, a movie has been made about his extraterrestrial adventure. Former nominee George McGovern has hosted the popular television show \"Saturday Night Live\". So has a candidate of more recent vintage, the Reverend Jessee Jackson.\r\n\r\nMeanwhile, former President Richard Nixon, who once claimed he lost an election because he was sabotaged by make-up men, has offered Senator Edward Kennedy advice on how to make a serious run for the presidency: lose twenty pounds. Although the Constitution makes no mention of it, it would appear that fat people are now effectively excluded from running for high political office. Probably bald people as well. Almost certainly those whose looks are not significantly enhanced by the cosmetician's art. Indeed, we may have reached the point where cosmetics has replaced ideology as the field of expertise over which a politician must have competent control. (...) To take an example closer to home: as I suggested earlier, it is implausible to imagine that anyone like our twenty-seventh President, the multi-chinned, three-hundred-pound William Howard Taft, could be put forward as a presidential candidate in today's world. The shape of a man's body is largely irrelevant to the shape of his ideas when he is addressing a public in writing or on the radio or, for that matter, in smoke signals. But it is quite relevant on television. The grossness of a three-hundred-pound image, even a talking one, would easily overwhelm any logical or spiritual subtleties conveyed by speech. For on television, discourse is conducted largely through visual imagery, which is to say that television gives us a conversation in images, not words. The emergence of the image-manager in the political arena and the concomitant decline of the speech writer attest to the fact that television demands a different kind of content from other media. You cannot do political philosophy on television. Its form works\u00a0against the content.\r\n\r\nNeil Postman, \"Amusing Ourselves to Death\"<\/pre>\n<\/blockquote>\n
\u015eimdiki al\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n biraz daha rahat anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6n bilgi: Kahneman, insan beyninin karar verme a\u015famas\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131ca olarak iki sistemin rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer: 1. sistem eldeki\/g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcndeki imkanlar\u0131 kullanarak h\u0131zl\u0131 karar veren, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme eylemini \u00e7ok tetiklemeyen ve hayat\u0131m\u0131zdaki bask\u0131n sistem olup, 2. sistemse, analitik olarak tart\u0131p bi\u00e7ti\u011fimiz, ince eleyip s\u0131k dokudu\u011fumuz vs vs.. ama \u00e7ok tembel olan, bu y\u00fczden de ilkine g\u00f6re nadiren devreye giren sistem olmakta. Bu benim anlat\u0131rken “birincisi kaka, ikinci cici” \u015feklinde de\u011fil — s\u00f6zgelimi araba s\u00fcrerken ikincisi devreye girse 10km\/saat ile bile gidiyorken paniklememiz an meselesi. Hayatta kalmam\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda 1. sistemi kullan\u0131yor olmam\u0131za bor\u00e7luyuz ama o da bazen -hemen her zaman- boyundan b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015flere kalk\u0131yor, 2.’nin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7iyor, ikinci de ger\u00e7i d\u00fcnden raz\u0131 tembelli\u011finden…<\/p>\n
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For a specific example of a basic assessment, consider the ability to discriminate friend from foe at a glance. This contributes to one\u2019s chances of survival in a dangerous world, and such a specialized capability has indeed evolved. Alex Todorov, my colleague at Princeton, has explored the biological roots of the rapid judgments of how safe it is to interact with a stranger. He showed that we are endowed with an ability to evaluate, in a single glance at a stranger\u2019s face, two potentially crucial facts about that person: how dominant (and therefore potentially threatening) he is, and how trustworthy he is, whether his intentions are more likely to be friendly or hostile. The shape of the face provides the cues for assessing dominance: a \u201cstrong\u201d square chin is one such cue. Facial expression (smile or frown) provides the cues for assessing the stranger\u2019s intentions. The combination of a square chin with a turned-down mouth may spell trouble. The accuracy of face reading is far from perfect: round chins are not a reliable indicator of meekness, and smiles can (to some extent) be faked. Still, even an imperfect ability to assess strangers confers a survival advantage.\r\n\r\nThis ancient mechanism is put to a novel use in the modern world: it has some influence on how people vote. Todorov showed his students pictures of men\u2019s faces, sometimes for as little as one-tenth of a second, and asked them to rate the faces on various attributes, including likability and competence. Observers agreed quite well on those ratings. The faces that Todorov showed were not a random set: they were the campaign portraits of politicians competing for elective office. Todorov then compared the results of the electoral races to the ratings of competence that Princeton students had made, based on brief exposure to photographs and without any political context. In about 70% of the races for senator, congressman, and governor, the election winner was the candidate whose face had earned a higher rating of competence. This striking result was quickly confirmed in national elections in Finland, in zoning board elections in England, and in various electoral contests in Australia, Germany, and Mexico. Surprisingly (at least to me), ratings of competence were far more predictive of voting outcomes in Todorov\u2019s study than ratings of likability.\r\nTodorov has found that people judge competence by combining the two dimensions of strength and trustworthiness. The faces that exude competence combine a strong chin with a slight confident-appearing smile. There is no evidence that these facial features actually predict how well politicians will perform in office. But studies of the brain\u2019s response to winning and losing candidates show that we are biologically predisposed to reject candidates who lack the attributes we value\u2014in this research, losers evoked stronger indications of (negative) emotional response. This is an example of what I will call a judgment heuristic in the following chapters. Voters are attempting to form an impression of how good a candidate will be in office, and they fall back on a simpler assessment that is made quickly and automatically and is available when System 2 must make its decision.\r\n\r\nPolitical scientists followed up on Todorov\u2019s initial research by identifying a category of voters for whom the automatic preferences of System 1 are particularly likely to play a large role. They found what they were looking for among politically uninformed voters who watch a great deal of television. As expected, the effect of facial competence on voting is about three times larger for information-poor and TV-prone voters than for others who are better informed and watch less television. Evidently, the relative importance of System 1 in determining voting choices is not the same for all people. We will encounter other examples of such individual differences.\r\n\r\nSystem 1 understands language, of course, and understanding depends on the basic assessments that are routinely carried out as part of the perception of events and the comprehension of messages. These assessments include computations of similarity and representativeness, attributions of causality, and evaluations of the availability of associations and exemplars. They are performed even in the absence of a specific task set, although the results are used to meet task demands as they arise.\r\n\r\nDaniel Kahneman, \"Thinking Fast and Slow\"<\/pre>\n<\/blockquote>\n
Bana hi\u00e7 bakmay\u0131n — ben, daha \u00f6nce de bir ihtimal s\u00f6ylemi\u015f\/yazm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131m \u00fczere, birbirini tan\u0131mayan bir dolu insan\u0131n metroda birbirlerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeden, etkile\u015fime ge\u00e7meden nas\u0131l olup da bir noktadan bir noktaya gidebildikleri medeniyet seviyesine ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131na bile \u015fa\u015fakalan bir kanaat seviyesine sahibim b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131k hakk\u0131nda.<\/p>\n
Haz\u0131r ahk\u00e2m \u00e7e\u015fmemi a\u00e7m\u0131\u015fken (ki, dikkatinizi \u00e7ekerim, hen\u00fcz al\u0131nt\u0131lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek bir \u015fey de yazm\u0131\u015f de\u011filim hen\u00fcz), de\u011finmek istedi\u011fim bir konu daha vard\u0131 (William Faulkner’\u0131n “Barn Burning” hikayesi \u00fczerinden a\u00e7\u0131lacakt\u0131m) ama de\u011finmeyece\u011fim (\u00f6zetle: yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana karar\u0131mdan d\u00f6nd\u00fcm). Faulkner demi\u015fken: d\u00fcn Levent’le, Almodovar yak\u0131n zamanda bir \u015fey yapm\u0131\u015f m\u0131 diye bak\u0131n\u0131yorduk ki, Alice Munro’nun hikayelerinden bir film \u00e7ekmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fck (Julieta (2016)<\/a>).<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fka ne yazacakt\u0131m? Yazmak yerine bahsedeyim de bitireyim… Hat\u0131rlayamad\u0131m. Haf\u0131za kolayl\u0131kla de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilen, g\u00fcvenemeyece\u011finiz bir \u015fey. \u00d6yle fena deneyler \u00f6\u011frendim ki insan\u0131n haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n, karar verme yetene\u011finin (yetenek de\u011fil de, ba\u015fka bir \u015fey deniyordu buna… meziyet miydi ki? — yok mekanizmayd\u0131 akl\u0131mdaki san\u0131r\u0131m) ne kadar da kaypak oldu\u011funa dair. Bir de Strugatsky’lerin\u00a0Roadside Picnic<\/em> kitab\u0131ndan bahsedecektim – do\u011frudan kitaptan de\u011fil de, orayla ilgili bir \u015feylerden, o da gitti akl\u0131mdan, aman, neyse. (o s\u0131rada alternatif evrende…<\/em>)<\/p>\n
-Kendimce- \u0130\u00e7 karart\u0131c\u0131 yaz\u0131lar yaz\u0131nca, g\u00f6rev edineyim, bir dansla bitireyim. \u00d6yleyse bug\u00fcnk\u00fc dans\u0131m\u0131z seyretmemi\u015f oldu\u011fum Hal Hartley’nin Simple Men (1992)<\/a>\u00a0filminden t\u00fcm frustrated<\/em> gen\u00e7li\u011fe (siz nas\u0131l diyo\u011f?…) gelsin (\u00e7alan \u015fark\u0131: Sonic Youth – “Kool Thing”):<\/p>\n